Ph.D. Economics, Princeton University, 1979Fields: Labor Economics, Transition Economics, Development EconomicsOffice: HW 1502Phone: (212)772-5399Fax: 212-772-5398Email: rfiler@hunter.cuny.edu
filer
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A customs broker or entry filer may be an individual, partnership, association, or corporation that submits information to the FDA about a product that is imported. This information includes the manufacturer of the product, country, shipper, and the FDA product code. It also could include more technical information, such as manufacturers registration number, product listing number, premarket approval, or any other requirement specific to the product. The FDA uses this information to evaluate whether the imported product is in compliance with the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act).
To determine the quality and accuracy of data that customs brokers (entry filers) are submitting, the FDA conducts periodic filer evaluations. These evaluations inform the FDA's confidence about the overall performance of the customs brokers (entry filers). Filer evaluations are conducted by examining entry documents and comparing the information against data submitted by the customs broker (entry filer). Discrepancies between the entry documents and submitted data not only reduce the FDA's confidence in the filer's ability to submit accurate data to the FDA, but also can result in significant entry processing delays.
The local FDA office will contact the customs broker (entry filer) to schedule a filer evaluation. The FDA will ask the customs broker (entry filer) to prepare entry documents for randomly selected entry lines that will be reviewed during the evaluation.
During the evaluation, the FDA compares data submitted by the customs broker (entry filer) with entry documents (e.g. invoice, bill of lading, or other supporting documents). The FDA will review both required and optional data elements to determine the accuracy of data submission. Disclaimed lines are also reviewed to determine if the product should have been submitted by the customs broker (entry filer) to the FDA.
Filer evaluations are classified based on the significance of the errors found. The significance of an error is assessed by how it affects the FDA's ability to make an appropriate admissibility decision. In addition, errors that continue to occur after the customs broker (entry filer) has been notified, may increase the significance of the error.
When the evaluation is completed, the FDA will discuss the findings with the top management official. Once the filer evaluation is classified, a letter containing the filer evaluation results (results letter) will be provided to the customs broker (entry filer).
Prior to the filer evaluation, the FDA will send a notification letter to the customs broker (entry filer). The customs broker (entry filer) should follow the instructions in the notification letter. Customs brokers (entry filers) should maintain documents on each shipment and make them available when requested for a filer evaluation.
The FDA's filer evaluation outcomes are available to the public. They are posted on line and can be found in the document FDA Filer Evaluation Outcomes. The list is updated monthly and gives the most recent outcome for each customs broker (entry filer). Because this list is prospective and updated monthly, interested parties should not make any inferences with regard to the status of customs brokers (entry filers) who do not have filer evaluation outcomes posted on this site.
In September 2018, the FDA updated how filer evaluations are classified (Table 1). Evaluation outcomes prior to September 2018 (Table 2) will remain until all customs brokers (entry filers) are re-evaluated. The possible evaluation outcomes are explained in the tables below.
If significant errors are found, a filer evaluation could be classified as OAI. The FDA will request that the customs broker (entry filer) provide a CAP. Additionally, a percentage of the entry lines submitted by the customs broker (entry filer) will be held for manual review by the FDA. The percentage of entry lines held depends on the status of the customs broker (entry filer) as outlined in Table 1 above. The FDA will re-evaluate the customs broker (entry filer) after the CAP has been implemented.
A CAP is a written plan created by the customs broker (entry filer) management to address the findings identified during a filer evaluation. The CAP should include how the customs broker (entry filer) will improve their data submission to an acceptable level of confidence.
Note: ICIT recommends that filer share permissions be kept as simple as possible. In particular it will be very hard to manage nested folders with different permissions levels. If necessary, seek consultation with the ICIT Systems group for very complex Filer share needs.
In this paper, Vanessa Williamson discusses the Filer Voter experiment, which assessed the effectiveness of conducting voter registration drives at Volunteer Income Tax Assistance (VITA) sites for lower-income households in Cleveland and Dallas. The Filer Voter program doubled the likelihood of unregistered tax filers registering to vote. Replicated at all VITA sites nationally, this would lead to about 115,000 unregistered eligible voters to register to vote, including 63,000 people who would not otherwise register.
There are good reasons to believe voter registration at tax time would be an efficient and effective approach to increasing voter registration. More than 150 million households file their income taxes every year. The slight administrative inconvenience of voter registration is marginal in the context of tax preparation; tax filers are already completing many more complicated forms for a government agency. Associating tax time and voter registration would provide a regular reminder for voters to keep their voter registration up to date. The annual reminder could help counteract voter roll purges, and would complement automatic voter registration systems, especially for those citizens who move frequently or do not drive.
Given the long American tradition of associating taxation with representation, there may well be additional benefits to linking tax filing with voter registration. Taxpaying reminds all filers of the significance of public policy for their daily lives and livelihoods, which might increase interest in political participation. My research has shown that Americans see taxpaying as a civic responsibility, and that when Americans pay for government, they believe they should have a right to help decide how the money is spent.
The Filer Voter program occurred at seven locations in Cleveland and Dallas from late January to mid-April 2018. Tax filers visiting each of the participating sites were asked to sign a consent form to participate in the study. The experimental pool included 4,353 tax filers.
First, the client population in Dallas was likely to include a larger percentage of noncitizens, meaning fewer clients would be eligible to register to vote. By contrast, the population of tax filers in Cleveland was overwhelmingly native-born and therefore eligible to register.4
When a client enters a VITA site, they are typically greeted by an intake volunteer who provides the client with the IRS-mandated intake form, and often some additional materials (such as a survey or information about additional benefits the site offers). The client then sits in a waiting area while completing these forms, and then returns to the intake table to have their forms checked and to allow the intake volunteer to ensure the client has all their required tax documentation (such as their W2s). Once the intake process is complete, the tax filer returns to the waiting area until a tax preparer is available to assist them.
In Texas, local law required a different procedure. At each site, after receiving their paperwork for the VITA intake volunteer, tax filers were directed to a deputy voter registrar who completed the voter registration process.
Bulk Filers are businesses that file tax returns or make payments for multiple clients at one time using the file upload process in GovConnectIowa. File uploads are required to follow the Department's approved file layout specifications. Bulk filers register with the Department by completing a bulk filer application on GovConnectIowa. A bulk filer registration should only be completed if you plan to use the file upload process within GovConnectIowa.
All bulk filers must be registered with the Department regardless of their filing method, and all filing must be completed using GovConnectIowa. Register to be a bulk filer by completing an application in GovConnectIowa. Applications may take up to four weeks to process. Previously registered bulk filers must create a GovConnectIowa logon to file. eFile & Pay logons cannot be used in GovConnectIowa.
A storage filer is a type of file server designed and programmed for high-volume data storage, backup and archiving. However, the terms storage filer and file server are sometimes used interchangeably, without the "high-volume" qualifier. Storage filers might also be referred to as storage file servers, whether or not they're specific to high-volume workloads.
Storage filers come in many forms and sizes, including network-attached storage (NAS) filers and storage area network (SAN) filers. In the early days of storage vendor NetApp -- then called Network Appliance -- the company offered the NetApp Filer, a file server appliance that eliminated the overhead traditionally associated with competing storage products. Those early systems should not be confused with today's NetApp products, which are still sometime referred to as NetApp filers because they're sold by NetApp and include filer services.
These days, vendors tend to shy away from the term storage filer, although they continue to use "filer" in various ways. They're also opting for broader descriptors such as scale-out file-based storage, but conceptually the idea remains the same -- to centralize file services in support of data sharing across Ethernet LANs, SAN networks or the internet, and often extending these services to cloud platforms or edge environments. 2ff7e9595c
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