Oslo was from the start meant to be an interim agreement as a prelude to the expected difficult negotiations toward a final agreement. An important component of it was that peace could be spread by goodwill on the part of the leaderships of both peoples.
Democratic backsliding and nationalistic governments are increasingly viewed as major threats to peace and stability in Europe. Non-violent pro-democracy mass mobilizations and protest movements can play an important role in overturning despotic regimes. In the summer of 2020, protesters poured onto the streets of Minsk to protest the announcement of allegedly rigged election results that propelled Belarusian President Alexander Lukashenko to a sixth five-year term in office. The protests were met with brutal repression, including reports of wide-spread torture of detained protesters. This cycle of protest and harsh crackdowns continued into 2021.
Why Oslo is Important
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The Nobel Peace Prize for 2022 should be shared with Russian pro-democracy figure Alexei Navalny, an anti-corruption activist and opposition leader who has played a central role in the non-violent struggle for democracy in Russia. In 2011, Navalny established the Anti-Corruption Foundation, which investigates high-ranking government officials suspected of corruption and serves as a platform for opposition groups to organize rallies throughout Russia. The Anti-Corruption Foundation remains an important standard bearer, not only for the importance of regime accountability, but for the ongoing struggle for peaceful change of government in authoritarian countries. Navalny, an open challenger to Putin and the current government, has himself been arrested multiple times on dubious charges and is currently serving a jail sentence in a high-security penal colony in Russia.
Mechanisms for peaceful resolution of conflicts between states are particularly important to maintain and support in an increasingly polarized world. Should the Nobel Committee wish to recognize the importance of multilateral collaboration for peaceful relations, a worthy recipient of the 2022 Peace Prize would be the International Court of Justice (ICJ) for promoting peace through international law.
Embodied by the figure of Mahatma Gandhi, India has a proud tradition of religious tolerance and pluralism. 75 years after India gained its independence, this tradition is under strain. Under Narendra Modi's Hindu nationalist administration, the situation for Muslims in India has become increasingly difficult and the country has seen numerous incidents of religiously motivated violence. Responding to this violence, author, activist and director of the Center for Equity Studies in New Delhi, Harsh Mander, launched Karwan-e-Mohabbat, a campaign supporting and showing solidarity with the victims of hate crimes. Mander is an important voice for religious tolerance and dialogue, and his campaign an important rallying point for those who oppose interreligious conflict and violence.
As China continues to assert itself as a rising superpower in an emerging multipolar world, it continues to be important to highlight pro-democracy efforts and human rights breaches in China and its claimed territories.
Ever since the museum opened in 1926, the Viking Ship Museum has been a national symbol and gathering place for Norway's most important cultural heritage. For almost 100 years, the ship graves from Oseberg, Gokstad and Tune and Borre have captivated visitors from all over the world.
Finally, and very importantly, I would like to express my keen appreciation, for putting this Conference together, to the leadership of IUCN WCEL Chair Prof. Christina Voigt, the tiresome efforts of Mr. Roberto Coll, the support of the IUCN Commission Support Unit, the passionate efforts of committed volunteers across the IUCN WCEL and at the University of Oslo, and all the partners that contributed to making this Conference a reality and a success.Ayman Cherkaoui, Deputy Chair - WCEL.
Most Norwegians have a reasonable level of English. You will find that you can speak English in most shops and restaurants, as well as in public offices and with service providers. If you are not comfortable holding a conversation in English, it is even more important to learn Norwegian.
Through these changes, the reduction in greenhouse gas emissions will be 7,700 tonnes CO2 equivalents in 2020 and 12,200 tonnes in 2023. Public transport is an important target area for Oslo City Government. The Climate Budget 2020 includes a proposal to increase bus capacity in the future to cater for an expected increase in number of passengers.
This is the most important thing to decide when planning a Norway in a Nutshell trip. Since Norway is stunningly expensive compared to most other European destinations, we wanted to see as much as possible in the shortest possible time so we decided to do a one-way trip from Bergen to Oslo.
When it comes to a moment of choosing a flight, you might look at the airport as well. These days are essential to have a flight through modern airports, which have important facilities and provides all the clear information. In this article, we would like to introduce the largest airports in Norway.
The most important and major one of all Norwegian airports is the Oslo Lufthavn (OSL). This international airport is the busiest and has the largest circulation of flights to Oslo Norway in the country, connecting the city with about 200 destinations and a passenger traffic flow of over 27 million people per year. It is a modern airport, offering passengers 2-hour charge-free WiFi access, dozens of onsite restaurants and cafes.
Oslo airport is the most important gateway to Norway by air and a hub for all of Norway. This is the airport of choice for visits to areas north of Oslo, that is Hedmark and Oppland, as there are no main airports between Oslo and Trondheim. It is also the airport closest to Oslo and most of its suburbs and nearby towns in the Oslo region including Ringerike and Hønefoss. Drammen is however halfway between Oslo airport and Sandefjord airport.
Looking into the details and careful language of the Oslo Accords reveals important facts that should not be overlooked. Significantly, Article IV refers to a jurisdiction that would cover the territories of the West Bank and Gaza Strip. The parties agreed to view these territories as a single territorial unit whose integrity would be preserved during the interim period. Article V established a five-year transitional period that would begin upon withdrawal of Israeli forces from the Gaza Strip and Jericho. Permanent status negotiations were slated to commence no later than the beginning of the third year of the interim period.
During the first quarter of 2022, internal Palestinian developments included the launch of local election campaigns in the West Bank, which were very much needed. Local elections were conducted in the larger cities and communities in the West Bank. According to the main findings of a 2022 public opinion poll15 by the Palestinian Center for Policy and Survey Research (PSR) in the West Bank and Gaza, a large majority of Palestinians (72%) support holding elections at the presidential and legislative levels in the near future. Another important finding was that 60% of Palestinians support holding a special session for the PLO Central Council during which important decisions relevant to Palestinian-Israeli relations would be made. A small majority (51%) of West Bank and Gaza residents believe that the current PLO remains the sole legitimate representative of the Palestinian people, and most importantly, 65% of the public say that the entry of Hamas and the Islamic Jihad into the PLO would make it more representative of the Palestinian people. On Palestinian-Israeli relations, the support for a two-state solution, at 40%, remains almost the same as it was in the last quarter of 2021.
Two important notes are to be taken from these statistics. First, it is clear that when looking at Israel and Palestine together, 7 million Jewish people and 7.4 million Palestinians live between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean Sea. A second note is that, while the basic law passed by the Israel Knesset in 201825 states that Israel is the nation state of the Jewish people, one-fifth of the citizens of Israel are nonJews. This is problematic for a state with a basic law that prefers one faith over others, and the law portends challenges to ensuring equal political rights and socio-economic access for non-Jewish citizens. Another important observation is that in the basic law, actualization of the right of national self-determination in the state of Israel is unique to the Jewish people.
On the other hand, the two-state solution envisions a state of Israel and a state of Palestine coexisting side by side in peace and security with both states agreeing to negotiate and agree on fundamental issues. Once resolved, the two states would join the Middle East as two neighboring nations. The security of both states is equally important, and the people in each state would live in freedom and dignity with better prospects for the future generations of both peoples. A two-state solution is more likely to fulfill the aspirations of both peoples and is more likely to be implemented, should it have the support of regional and international players.
With the two-state solution as a base, a new paradigm and a new framework organized in one full package can be sought to initiate negotiations to end the Israeli occupation of Palestine and start an era of peace in the Middle East in general and in Palestine/Israel in particular. This new framework includes five important and inextricable elements; the framework cannot be implemented should one of the elements be lacking.
The second element is territory. Territory is a combination of two basic factors: space and time. Negotiation over territory will allow for agreement on the space that is important for both states. The factor of time is crucial to control the process of negotiation. Time will be used to gradually implement the negotiated agreement over territory. In our proposal, the borders separating the state of Palestine from the state of Israel are to be based on the 1967 borders, and the timeframe to reach a detailed agreement on borders is proposed as 12 months, after which the state of Palestine will have clear, recognized borders. 2ff7e9595c
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